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Author: Afzal Badshah, PhD

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Understanding IPv6 Addressing

Understanding IPv6 Addressing

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IPv6, or Internet Protocol version 6, is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol, which serves as the foundation for communication on the Internet. It was developed to overcome limitations posed by its predecessor, IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4), and to address the growing needs of the evolving internet. IPv6 is a 128-bit long address standard, designed to provide a vastly expanded address space compared to the 32-bit addresses used in IPv4. IPv6 addresses are expressed as eight groups…

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Distance Vector and State Link Routing Protocols

Distance Vector and State Link Routing Protocols

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Routing protocols are fundamental to network communication, and two prominent categories are Distance Vector and State Link protocols. Distance Vector protocols, exemplified by Routing Information Protocol (RIP), make routing decisions based on cumulative distances to destinations, conveyed through periodic updates. They employ algorithms like Bellman-Ford and rely on routing tables to determine the best paths. However, the convergence time can be slower due to periodic updates, and scalability may be challenging in large networks. Distance Vector Protocol A Distance Vector…

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Advanced Routing Protocols – EIGRP and BGP

Advanced Routing Protocols – EIGRP and BGP

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Routing protocols play a crucial role in directing network traffic efficiently. Two advanced routing protocols widely used in large-scale networks are Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) and Border Gateway Protocol (BGP). Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP) EIGRP is an advanced routing protocol developed by Cisco Systems. It is designed for use within an autonomous system (AS) and is known for its rapid convergence and low bandwidth usage. EIGRP incorporates features of both distance vector and link-state routing protocols….

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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

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Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a crucial network protocol designed to automatically assign IP addresses and other necessary network configuration details to devices connected to a network. This eliminates the need for manually configuring network settings for each device, making it significantly easier to manage and scale large networks. Key Components of DHCP DHCP Server DHCP Client DHCP Lease IP Address Pool DHCP Process DHCP Discover: When a device joins a network, it broadcasts a DHCP Discover message to…

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Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT)

Understanding Network Address Translation (NAT)

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Network Address Translation (NAT) is a method used to map private IP addresses to a single public IP address. It allows multiple devices in a local network to access the internet using a shared public IP. But before exploring the NAT, Let’s see what is private and public network addresses. You can visit the detailed tutorial here. Private IP Addresses in Networking In networking, private addresses are reserved IP addresses that are not routable on the public internet. They are…

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Overview of Wireless LANs

Overview of Wireless LANs

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Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) are a type of network that allows devices to connect and communicate without the need for physical cables. Unlike traditional wired networks, WLANs use radio waves to transmit data between devices. This wireless approach provides increased flexibility and mobility for connected devices. Frequency BandsWLANs operate within two main frequency bands: 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. The 2.4 GHz band, though more crowded, offers a better range, making it suitable for environments with obstacles. On the…

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Testing in Software Engineering

Testing in Software Engineering

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Testing in Software Engineering is the systematic process of evaluating a system or application to identify defects and ensure that it meets specified requirements. Its significance lies in quality assurance, defect identification, and the overall enhancement of user satisfaction. Attributes of Testing Accuracy: Ensuring that the software consistently produces accurate results is fundamental to testing. Precision in execution is crucial for reliable outcomes. Reliability: The reliability of a system is measured by its consistency in delivering correct results under varying…

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World Wide Web (WWW) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

World Wide Web (WWW) and Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

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Understanding the WWW?The World Wide Web, commonly known as the WWW or simply the Web, is a system of interlinked hypertext documents and multimedia content that is accessed via the Internet. It was invented by Sir Tim Berners-Lee in 1989. How does it work?The WWW operates based on hypertext, where documents (web pages) are linked together using hyperlinks. These hyperlinks allow users to navigate between documents by clicking on links, creating a vast and interconnected network of information. Understanding the…

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Activity: Routing Configuration in Packet Tracer

Activity: Routing Configuration in Packet Tracer

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Open the Packet Tracer and drag the devices to the working sheet as shown in the figure below. Assign the IP address to every device as shown in the figure. Figure: PC ip seating Assign IP addresses to the interfaces of your routers. Use the config terminal command on each router to enter global configuration mode, then use the interface [interface_type] [interface_number] command to access the interface configuration mode. Finally, assign the IP address using the ip address [ip_address] [subnet_mask]…

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Design Pattern in Software Engineering

Design Pattern in Software Engineering

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Back in 1994, Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides collectively authored the groundbreaking book “Design Patterns – Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software,” marking the inception of the concept of design patterns in software development. Software design patterns are like blueprints for solving common problems in software development. They provide general reusable solutions to recurring design problems, making your code more flexible, modular, and easier to understand. Types of Design Patterns As per the design pattern reference book Design…

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