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Author: Afzal Badshah, PhD

Introduction to Cloud Computing

Introduction to Cloud Computing

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Cloud computing is a technology paradigm that enables users to access computing resources—such as servers, storage, databases, networking, software, and more, over the internet instead of maintaining physical hardware. These resources are on-demand, scalable, and cost-effective, making cloud computing a vital component of modern IT infrastructure. The full tutorial can be accessed here. Key Characteristics of Cloud Computing On-Demand Self-Service Cloud computing allows users to provision computing resources automatically without requiring human intervention. This feature enables users to scale resources…

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Understanding Ports and Sockets in Computer Networks

Understanding Ports and Sockets in Computer Networks

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In computer networks, communication is not just about moving data between devices. It is about making sure the data reaches the correct application inside the device. When you browse a website, send an email, or stream a video, thousands of network processes run silently in the background to ensure everything reaches the right destination. Two important concepts that make this possible are ports and sockets. Ports and sockets act like an addressing system inside a device. Without them, your computer…

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Understanding Serialization in Java: A Beginner’s Guide

Understanding Serialization in Java: A Beginner’s Guide

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Serialization is an important concept in Java, especially when you need to save the state of objects or transfer them over a network. In this tutorial, we’ll discuss how serialization and deserialization work in Java using a simple Car class. The process of serialization allows you to save the state of an object to a file, while deserialization allows you to read that object back into memory. Here, we will explore the steps of serializing and deserializing an Car object….

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Outcome-Based Education (OBE): A Framework for Quality Education

Outcome-Based Education (OBE): A Framework for Quality Education

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Outcome-Based Education (OBE) is a student-centred teaching and learning approach that focuses on achieving specific, measurable outcomes. These outcomes are defined in terms of the knowledge, skills, and attitudes students are expected to demonstrate after completing a program or course. Unlike traditional education, which emphasizes content delivery and rote memorization, OBE places the learner’s achievements at the center of the educational process. For example, in a Software Engineering program, an outcome might state:“Demonstrate comprehensive knowledge and effective application of software…

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Exception Handling in Java

Exception Handling in Java

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Exception handling is a crucial part of building robust and error-resilient Java applications. It allows developers to manage runtime errors effectively, ensuring the program can handle unexpected situations gracefully without crashing. You can visit the detailed tutorial on Comprehensive Guide to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) in Java – Afzal Badshah, PhD. This tutorial explores the principles, mechanisms, and strategies for managing runtime errors in Java, accompanied by examples for clarity. Principles of Exception Handling The main principles of exception handling are:…

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Flow Control in Computer Networks

Flow Control in Computer Networks

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Flow control in computer networks ensures efficient communication by managing the data transmission rate between the sender and receiver. The primary objective of flow control is to prevent the sender from overwhelming the receiver with more data than it can process, thereby avoiding buffer overflow and ensuring smooth communication. This tutorial explores flow control in detail, covering its significance, common challenges, and the techniques employed to address them. You can visit the detailed tutorial here. What is Flow Control? Flow…

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Abstract Classes in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

Abstract Classes in Java: A Comprehensive Guide

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In Java, abstract classes are a fundamental concept in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) that provides a foundation for creating flexible and reusable code. This tutorial explores the concept of abstract classes, their characteristics, and how to implement them effectively. To further explore Object-Oriented Programming concepts, check out our comprehensive OOP guide. What is an Abstract Class? An abstract class is a class that cannot be instantiated (object creation) on its own. It is designed to act as a base class, providing…

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Introduction to Routing Protocols: OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP

Introduction to Routing Protocols: OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP

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Routing protocols are critical in determining the best paths for data transmission across networks. These protocols are primarily classified into distance-vector and link-state protocols based on their working mechanism. In this tutorial, we will explore Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (EIGRP), and Routing Information Protocol (RIP), with a clear explanation of their types and characteristics. The focus is to make these concepts accessible to BS students. Visit the detailed tutorial here. Classification of Routing Protocols…

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Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

Association, Composition and Aggregation in Java

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In Java, Association, composition, and aggregation define relationships between classes, allowing us to model real-world scenarios by linking objects within a program. These relationships enable classes to work together without being hierarchically dependent on each other, unlike inheritance. Here, we’ll explain these relationships with examples and scenarios for a clear understanding. You can visit the detailed tutorial here. 1. Association in Java Association represents a simple “uses-a” relationship between two classes where objects of one class use objects of another…

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Difference between Method/Function Overloading and Overriding (Polymorphism)

Difference between Method/Function Overloading and Overriding (Polymorphism)

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Polymorphism, a foundational concept in object-oriented programming (OOP), allows methods or functions to process objects differently based on their data type or class. In Java, polymorphism enables one interface to be used for a general class of actions, allowing a program to behave dynamically depending on the context. This tutorial explains polymorphism, covers its types and benefits, and illustrates its implementation in Java. What is Polymorphism? Polymorphism, from Greek words meaning “many forms,” refers to the ability of an object…

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