Foundations of Machine Learning: Learning Paradigms and the Emergence of Deep Learning
In our daily lives, we interact with systems that appear intelligent. When a smartphone suggests the next word while typing, when YouTube recommends videos, or when Google Maps predicts traffic conditions, these systems are not following fixed instructions written by a programmer for every situation. Instead, they learn from data. This shift (from rule-based programming to data-driven learning) marks one of the most important transitions in modern computing. Traditionally, computer programs were written using explicit rules. However, real-world problems are…