Afzal Badshah, PhD

In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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In object-oriented programming, we design classes as blueprints for creating objects. A class itself does not store data; it only defines the structure and behavior that objects will have. The actual data is stored in the memory allocated to each object when it is created. While designing software systems, we often encounter values that must not change during program execution. Mathematical constants such as π, configuration limits, fixed rates, and identification codes are examples of such values. If these values…

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