c++ - Afzal Badshah, PhD

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

15 September 2025 Afzal Badshah, PhD Comments 0 Comment

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

11 September 2025 Afzal Badshah, PhD Comments 0 Comment

Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management App: students can view their class (through a getter), but only the administration system can update it (using a setter). This story highlights how encapsulation mirrors real-world roles. Encapsulation ensures data safety and modular design. Imagine using a car or a smartphone: you interact with simple controls on the surface, while the complicated wiring and mechanisms are hidden inside. This…

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

9 July 2025 Afzal Badshah, PhD Comments 0 Comment

Inheritance is one of the core ideas in object-oriented programming. It allows one class to use the properties and behavior of another class. In simple terms, inheritance helps us create a new class based on an existing class. The existing class is called the base class or parent class, and the new class is called the derived class or child class. Visit the detailed tutorial here. What is the purpose of inheritance? Suppose we are building a system for a…

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