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Introduction to Errors and Exceptions Handling in C++

Introduction to Errors and Exceptions Handling in C++

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In real-world systems, things often go wrong. A bank server may become unreachable, a file may not open, or a user may enter invalid data. An exception is a runtime event that interrupts the normal flow of a program. Instead of crashing, the program “throws” an exception, which gives you a chance to respond. Exception handling allows programmers to write applications that remain stable even if something unexpected happens. Imagine you withdraw money from an ATM. If the machine runs…

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Associations, Aggregation & Composition in OOP (C++)

Associations, Aggregation & Composition in OOP (C++)

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Object-Oriented Programming is not only about creating classes and objects, it is also about how objects interact with each other. In the real world, nothing exists in isolation: a teacher teaches a subject, a car has an engine, a university contains departments. OOP represent these real-world relationships using: Association, Aggregation, and Composition. Before we begin, remember the fundamental difference: This tutorial explains “has-a” relationships clearly using real-world analogies and simple C++ programs. Association Association represents a general relationship between two…

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Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

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Operator overloading is a simple yet powerful concept in C++. Imagine how naturally we use operators in daily life. We add numbers, compare values, and print results without thinking. Classes, however, do not automatically understand these operations. Operator overloading allows us to teach our objects these everyday actions. You can follow the detailed tutorial here. Why Do We Need Operator Overloading? In the real world, we combine quantities effortlessly: adding working hours, combining distances, or summing money. But in programming,…

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Constants in OOP – C++

Constants in OOP – C++

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In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

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Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

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Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management App: students can view their class (through a getter), but only the administration system can update it (using a setter). This story highlights how encapsulation mirrors real-world roles. Encapsulation ensures data safety and modular design. Imagine using a car or a smartphone: you interact with simple controls on the surface, while the complicated wiring and mechanisms are hidden inside. This…

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Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the four main pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. Definition:“Inheritance is the process by which one class acquires the properties (data) and behaviors (functions) of another class.” In simple words, it means we can create a new class (child or derived class) based on an existing class (parent or base class) so that the new one can reuse and extend the existing functionality. 2. Why Do We Use Inheritance? Let’s take…

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