Afzal Badshah, PhD

In C++, const is a keyword used to define constant variables and functions. It ensures that a variable or function does not alter its value or behavior during the program’s execution. Using const enhances the reliability of the code by preventing unintended changes. The const Data Members are used for the purpose that if we donot want to change the value of any variable and want to make it constant. Code Example: const Data Members and Functions in C++ #include…

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Introduction: Function overloading is a powerful feature in C++ that allows multiple functions with the same name to exist in the same scope, provided their parameter lists are different. This feature is a part of polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and allows developers to implement functions that perform similar tasks but operate on different types or numbers of inputs. What is Function Overloading? Function overloading occurs when: Advantages of Function Overloading: Example Code: Function Overloading in C++ Below is an…

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What Are Access Modifiers? In C++, access modifiers are keywords used to define the level of access that members of a class (variables and methods) can have. They are essential for ensuring encapsulation, which is a core concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). By using access modifiers, we control how the internal data of a class is accessed, modified, and protected. Access modifiers in C++ include: By controlling access, access modifiers help: Types of Access Modifiers Code Example class number {…

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In C++, a destructor is a special member function of a class that is automatically called when an object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. The main purpose of a destructor is to release resources allocated to an object during its lifetime. Key Characteristics of a Destructor Purpose of a Destructor Class Student Example class Student { private: string rollnum; // Private member: Roll number of the student. public: string name; // Public member: Name of the student….

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Introduction: In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), static data members and static member functions provide a mechanism to share data and functionality across all objects of a class. Unlike regular class members, static members are associated with the class itself rather than individual objects. Code Example: Using Static Data Members and Static Functions #include <iostream>#include <string>using namespace std;class Customer {private: string name;public: static int count; // Static data member to keep track of the customer count // Constructor to initialize the name…

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Introduction to Abstract Classes An abstract class in C++ is a class designed to be specifically used as a base class. It cannot be instantiated on its own and typically includes at least one pure virtual function. A pure virtual function is a function declared within a class that has no implementation relative to the base class and must be implemented by all derived classes. Abstract classes are crucial in object-oriented programming to enforce a contract for derived classes. Key…

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Introduction to Parameterized Functions: A parameterized function in C++ is a function that accepts one or more arguments, which are used within the function to perform a specific task. The primary advantage of parameterized functions is their flexibility. By passing different values to the parameters, the same function can be used to perform various operations, making your code reusable and more concise. Code Example: Simple Calculator Class with Parameterized Functions #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Calculator {private: int a; // Attributes…

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In C++, a class is a user-defined data type that serves as a blueprint for creating objects. Classes group data (attributes) and functions (methods) into a single unit, supporting encapsulation, one of the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). What is a Class? A class defines the properties and behaviors that its objects will have. It consists of: Key Components of a Class Example Code: Car Class Below is an example of a Car class in C++ that demonstrates its…

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