Afzal Badshah, PhD

Introduction to Abstract Classes An abstract class in C++ is a class designed to be specifically used as a base class. It cannot be instantiated on its own and typically includes at least one pure virtual function. A pure virtual function is a function declared within a class that has no implementation relative to the base class and must be implemented by all derived classes. Abstract classes are crucial in object-oriented programming to enforce a contract for derived classes. Key…

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Introduction to Parameterized Functions: A parameterized function in C++ is a function that accepts one or more arguments, which are used within the function to perform a specific task. The primary advantage of parameterized functions is their flexibility. By passing different values to the parameters, the same function can be used to perform various operations, making your code reusable and more concise. Code Example: Simple Calculator Class with Parameterized Functions #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Calculator {private: int a; // Attributes…

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In C++, a class is a user-defined data type that serves as a blueprint for creating objects. Classes group data (attributes) and functions (methods) into a single unit, supporting encapsulation, one of the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). What is a Class? A class defines the properties and behaviors that its objects will have. It consists of: Key Components of a Class Example Code: Car Class Below is an example of a Car class in C++ that demonstrates its…

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