Afzal Badshah, PhD

Operator Overloading: In C++, operator overloading allows you to define custom behavior for operators (such as +, -, *, ==, etc.) when they are applied to user-defined types (i.e., objects of classes). This feature enables the creation of expressive and intuitive code, as it allows operators to work with objects in a way that mimics their behavior with built-in types. Operator overloading is a powerful mechanism that enhances the expressiveness of object-oriented code by enabling objects to interact using operators…

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Introduction to Exception Handling Exception handling is a mechanism in C++ that helps developers handle runtime errors gracefully. Instead of abruptly terminating the program when an error occurs, exception handling allows you to catch and handle errors, ensuring the program continues to run smoothly. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use exception handling in C++ using a simple program. The provided program demonstrates how to handle the case of division by zero, which is a common runtime error….

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In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Composition and Aggregation describe relationships between classes, specifically how objects are associated with one another. Both are forms of the “has-a” relationship, but they differ in strength and dependency. So in this article we will see the concept of Composition and Aggregation in C++ and also check the difference between Composition and Aggregation. What is Composition? Composition represents a strong relationship between two classes. It is used when an object (child) is a part of another…

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Polymorphism is one of the most powerful and essential concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It refers to the ability of a single function, method, or object to behave in different ways depending on the context in which it is used. The term “Polymorphism” is derived from the Greek words poly (many) and morphe (forms), meaning “many forms.” Polymorphism allows you to write flexible, reusable, and maintainable code by enabling a single function or method to process different types of objects….

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In C++, const is a keyword used to define constant variables and functions. It ensures that a variable or function does not alter its value or behavior during the program’s execution. Using const enhances the reliability of the code by preventing unintended changes. The const Data Members are used for the purpose that if we donot want to change the value of any variable and want to make it constant. Code Example: const Data Members and Functions in C++ #include…

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Introduction: Function overloading is a powerful feature in C++ that allows multiple functions with the same name to exist in the same scope, provided their parameter lists are different. This feature is a part of polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and allows developers to implement functions that perform similar tasks but operate on different types or numbers of inputs. What is Function Overloading? Function overloading occurs when: Advantages of Function Overloading: Example Code: Function Overloading in C++ Below is an…

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What Are Access Modifiers? In C++, access modifiers are keywords used to define the level of access that members of a class (variables and methods) can have. They are essential for ensuring encapsulation, which is a core concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). By using access modifiers, we control how the internal data of a class is accessed, modified, and protected. Access modifiers in C++ include: By controlling access, access modifiers help: Types of Access Modifiers Code Example class number {…

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In C++, a destructor is a special member function of a class that is automatically called when an object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. The main purpose of a destructor is to release resources allocated to an object during its lifetime. Key Characteristics of a Destructor Purpose of a Destructor Class Student Example class Student { private: string rollnum; // Private member: Roll number of the student. public: string name; // Public member: Name of the student….

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