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Category: OOP with C++

Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

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In our previous lessons, we explored how inheritance allows one class to reuse and extend the features of another. We also learned about function overriding, where a derived class can redefine the behavior of a base class function. But there’s a deeper question that often puzzles students: If a base class pointer points to a derived class object, which version of the function will be called; the one from the base or the one from the derived class? This question…

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Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

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In our previous lecture, we explored virtual and pure virtual functions.We saw how a virtual function allows different derived classes to perform the same action in their own way — like different employees performing their duties differently. We also discovered that a pure virtual function acts as a promise — a function that must be implemented by every derived class.This is where abstract classes emerge. An abstract class can be imagined as a template or blueprint — it tells us…

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Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

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Polymorphism is one of the four core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. The term polymorphism is derived from two Greek words; poly (many) and morph (forms). In programming, it means one name, many forms. In simple words, polymorphism allows a single function, operator, or object to behave differently based on the context. This makes our code flexible, reusable, and easy to extend. Understanding Polymorphism Think about the word “drive”.A car drives, a bike drives,…

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Constants in OOP – C++

Constants in OOP – C++

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In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

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Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

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Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you’re designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database. In both cases, you deal with real-world entities like cars and students. Each of these has data (like name, color, roll number) and behavior (like start the car, register a course). To represent such entities in programming, we use two powerful tools: Let’s break this down step by step. What is a Class? A class is a template or blueprint…

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Static Data Members and Functions in C++

Static Data Members and Functions in C++

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In daily life, some things are shared by everyone rather than belonging to just one person. For example, in a classroom the notice board is the same for all students. If one student puts a notice, every student can see it. Similarly, in a society, the water tank is shared by all houses. In C++, such shared values or functions are handled using the static keyword. A static member in C++ belongs to the class itself rather than to individual…

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Constructors and Destructors in C++

Constructors and Destructors in C++

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C++ gives every object a clear life story: it’s created, used, and then destroyed. To make this safe and predictable, the language runs a special function at birth (to initialize the object) and another at death (to clean up resources). Constructors in C++ Constructors exist to prevent uninitialized state, to let callers pass meaningful values at creation time, and to centralize setup logic in one place. In practice, you’ll use two common kinds; You may define multiple constructors for the…

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Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

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Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management App: students can view their class (through a getter), but only the administration system can update it (using a setter). This story highlights how encapsulation mirrors real-world roles. Encapsulation ensures data safety and modular design. Imagine using a car or a smartphone: you interact with simple controls on the surface, while the complicated wiring and mechanisms are hidden inside. This…

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Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the four main pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. Definition:“Inheritance is the process by which one class acquires the properties (data) and behaviors (functions) of another class.” In simple words, it means we can create a new class (child or derived class) based on an existing class (parent or base class) so that the new one can reuse and extend the existing functionality. 2. Why Do We Use Inheritance? Let’s take…

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