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Category: OOP with C++

Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

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Operator overloading is a simple yet powerful concept in C++. Imagine how naturally we use operators in daily life. We add numbers, compare values, and print results without thinking. Classes, however, do not automatically understand these operations. Operator overloading allows us to teach our objects these everyday actions. You can follow the detailed tutorial here. Why Do We Need Operator Overloading? In the real world, we combine quantities effortlessly: adding working hours, combining distances, or summing money. But in programming,…

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Constants in OOP – C++

Constants in OOP – C++

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In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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Introduction to Errors and Exceptions Handling in C++

Introduction to Errors and Exceptions Handling in C++

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In real-world systems, things often go wrong. A bank server may become unreachable, a file may not open, or a user may enter invalid data. An exception is a runtime event that interrupts the normal flow of a program. Instead of crashing, the program “throws” an exception, which gives you a chance to respond. Exception handling allows programmers to write applications that remain stable even if something unexpected happens. Imagine you withdraw money from an ATM. If the machine runs…

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Understanding Exception Handling in C++

Understanding Exception Handling in C++

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Introduction to Exception Handling Exception handling is a mechanism in C++ that helps developers handle runtime errors gracefully. Instead of abruptly terminating the program when an error occurs, exception handling allows you to catch and handle errors, ensuring the program continues to run smoothly. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use exception handling in C++ using a simple program. The provided program demonstrates how to handle the case of division by zero, which is a common runtime error….

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C++ Templates and Standard Template Library (STL): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Tutorial

C++ Templates and Standard Template Library (STL): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Tutorial

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Imagine running a grocery shop. You use different delivery boxes for apples, oranges, and eggs etc. But using a separate box for every item leads to complexity. Instead, one general-purpose box that can deliver any item is more efficient. Templates in C++ serve the same purpose: they allow writing a single piece of code that works for multiple data types. Templates enable generic programming, letting the compiler generate functions or classes for different data types automatically. What Are Templates? Template…

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Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

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In our previous lecture, we explored virtual and pure virtual functions.We saw how a virtual function allows different derived classes to perform the same action in their own way — like different employees performing their duties differently. We also discovered that a pure virtual function acts as a promise — a function that must be implemented by every derived class.This is where abstract classes emerge. An abstract class can be imagined as a template or blueprint — it tells us…

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Abstract Class, Pure Abstract Class, and Interface in C++ (OOP)

Abstract Class, Pure Abstract Class, and Interface in C++ (OOP)

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Introduction to Abstract Classes An abstract class in C++ is a class designed to be specifically used as a base class. It cannot be instantiated on its own and typically includes at least one pure virtual function. A pure virtual function is a function declared within a class that has no implementation relative to the base class and must be implemented by all derived classes. Abstract classes are crucial in object-oriented programming to enforce a contract for derived classes. Key…

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Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

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In our previous lessons, we explored how inheritance allows one class to reuse and extend the features of another. We also learned about function overriding, where a derived class can redefine the behavior of a base class function. But there’s a deeper question that often puzzles students: If a base class pointer points to a derived class object, which version of the function will be called; the one from the base or the one from the derived class? This question…

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Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

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Polymorphism is one of the four core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. The term polymorphism is derived from two Greek words; poly (many) and morph (forms). In programming, it means one name, many forms. In simple words, polymorphism allows a single function, operator, or object to behave differently based on the context. This makes our code flexible, reusable, and easy to extend. Understanding Polymorphism Think about the word “drive”.A car drives, a bike drives,…

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Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the four main pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. Definition:“Inheritance is the process by which one class acquires the properties (data) and behaviors (functions) of another class.” In simple words, it means we can create a new class (child or derived class) based on an existing class (parent or base class) so that the new one can reuse and extend the existing functionality. 2. Why Do We Use Inheritance? Let’s take…

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