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Category: OOP with C++

Associations, Aggregation & Composition in OOP (C++)

Associations, Aggregation & Composition in OOP (C++)

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Object-Oriented Programming is not only about creating classes and objects, it is also about how objects interact with each other. In the real world, nothing exists in isolation: a teacher teaches a subject, a car has an engine, a university contains departments. OOP represent these real-world relationships using: Association, Aggregation, and Composition. Before we begin, remember the fundamental difference: This tutorial explains “has-a” relationships clearly using real-world analogies and simple C++ programs. Association Association represents a general relationship between two…

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C++ Templates and Standard Template Library (STL): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Tutorial

C++ Templates and Standard Template Library (STL): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Tutorial

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Imagine running a grocery shop. You use different delivery boxes for apples, oranges, and eggs etc. But using a separate box for every item leads to complexity. Instead, one general-purpose box that can deliver any item is more efficient. Templates in C++ serve the same purpose: they allow writing a single piece of code that works for multiple data types. Templates enable generic programming, letting the compiler generate functions or classes for different data types automatically. What Are Templates? Template…

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Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types

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Operator overloading is a simple yet powerful concept in C++. Imagine how naturally we use operators in daily life. We add numbers, compare values, and print results without thinking. Classes, however, do not automatically understand these operations. Operator overloading allows us to teach our objects these everyday actions. You can follow the detailed tutorial here. Why Do We Need Operator Overloading? In the real world, we combine quantities effortlessly: adding working hours, combining distances, or summing money. But in programming,…

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Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++

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In our previous lessons, we explored how inheritance allows one class to reuse and extend the features of another. We also learned about function overriding, where a derived class can redefine the behavior of a base class function. But there’s a deeper question that often puzzles students: If a base class pointer points to a derived class object, which version of the function will be called; the one from the base or the one from the derived class? This question…

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Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

Abstract Classes and Interfaces — Designing Extensible Frameworks

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In our previous lecture, we explored virtual and pure virtual functions.We saw how a virtual function allows different derived classes to perform the same action in their own way — like different employees performing their duties differently. We also discovered that a pure virtual function acts as a promise — a function that must be implemented by every derived class.This is where abstract classes emerge. An abstract class can be imagined as a template or blueprint — it tells us…

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Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

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Polymorphism is one of the four core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. The term polymorphism is derived from two Greek words; poly (many) and morph (forms). In programming, it means one name, many forms. In simple words, polymorphism allows a single function, operator, or object to behave differently based on the context. This makes our code flexible, reusable, and easy to extend. Understanding Polymorphism Think about the word “drive”.A car drives, a bike drives,…

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Constants in OOP – C++

Constants in OOP – C++

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In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

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Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

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Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you’re designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database. In both cases, you deal with real-world entities like cars and students. Each of these has data (like name, color, roll number) and behavior (like start the car, register a course). To represent such entities in programming, we use two powerful tools: Let’s break this down step by step. What is a Class? A class is a template or blueprint…

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Static Data Members and Functions in C++

Static Data Members and Functions in C++

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In daily life, some things are shared by everyone rather than belonging to just one person. For example, in a classroom the notice board is the same for all students. If one student puts a notice, every student can see it. Similarly, in a society, the water tank is shared by all houses. In C++, such shared values or functions are handled using the static keyword. A static member in C++ belongs to the class itself rather than to individual…

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