Afzal Badshah, PhD

Operator Overloading: In C++, operator overloading allows you to define custom behavior for operators (such as +, -, *, ==, etc.) when they are applied to user-defined types (i.e., objects of classes). This feature enables the creation of expressive and intuitive code, as it allows operators to work with objects in a way that mimics their behavior with built-in types. Operator overloading is a powerful mechanism that enhances the expressiveness of object-oriented code by enabling objects to interact using operators…

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In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Composition and Aggregation describe relationships between classes, specifically how objects are associated with one another. Both are forms of the “has-a” relationship, but they differ in strength and dependency. So in this article we will see the concept of Composition and Aggregation in C++ and also check the difference between Composition and Aggregation. What is Composition? Composition represents a strong relationship between two classes. It is used when an object (child) is a part of another…

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Polymorphism is one of the most powerful and essential concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). It refers to the ability of a single function, method, or object to behave in different ways depending on the context in which it is used. The term “Polymorphism” is derived from the Greek words poly (many) and morphe (forms), meaning “many forms.” Polymorphism allows you to write flexible, reusable, and maintainable code by enabling a single function or method to process different types of objects….

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Introduction to Constructors: Constructors are special member functions in C++ used to initialize objects. They are automatically invoked when an object of a class is created. The main purpose of a constructor is to set up the initial state of an object by initializing its data members. Types of Constructors: Usage Example: int main(){Car c1(“Black”, “New”, “Mercedes Benz”);c1.start();c1.stop();c1.accelerate();return 0;} Explanation of Code: Usage Example: int main(){ Car c1; c1.start(); c1.stop(); c1.accelerate(); return 0;} Explanation of Code: Common Mistakes to Avoid:…

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In C++, const is a keyword used to define constant variables and functions. It ensures that a variable or function does not alter its value or behavior during the program’s execution. Using const enhances the reliability of the code by preventing unintended changes. The const Data Members are used for the purpose that if we donot want to change the value of any variable and want to make it constant. Code Example: const Data Members and Functions in C++ #include…

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Introduction: Function overloading is a powerful feature in C++ that allows multiple functions with the same name to exist in the same scope, provided their parameter lists are different. This feature is a part of polymorphism in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) and allows developers to implement functions that perform similar tasks but operate on different types or numbers of inputs. What is Function Overloading? Function overloading occurs when: Advantages of Function Overloading: Example Code: Function Overloading in C++ Below is an…

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Introduction: In Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), static data members and static member functions provide a mechanism to share data and functionality across all objects of a class. Unlike regular class members, static members are associated with the class itself rather than individual objects. Code Example: Using Static Data Members and Static Functions #include <iostream>#include <string>using namespace std;class Customer {private: string name;public: static int count; // Static data member to keep track of the customer count // Constructor to initialize the name…

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Introduction to Parameterized Functions: A parameterized function in C++ is a function that accepts one or more arguments, which are used within the function to perform a specific task. The primary advantage of parameterized functions is their flexibility. By passing different values to the parameters, the same function can be used to perform various operations, making your code reusable and more concise. Code Example: Simple Calculator Class with Parameterized Functions #include <iostream>using namespace std;class Calculator {private: int a; // Attributes…

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In C++, a class is a user-defined data type that serves as a blueprint for creating objects. Classes group data (attributes) and functions (methods) into a single unit, supporting encapsulation, one of the fundamental principles of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). What is a Class? A class defines the properties and behaviors that its objects will have. It consists of: Key Components of a Class Example Code: Car Class Below is an example of a Car class in C++ that demonstrates its…

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