Afzal Badshah, PhD

Introduction to Exception Handling Exception handling is a mechanism in C++ that helps developers handle runtime errors gracefully. Instead of abruptly terminating the program when an error occurs, exception handling allows you to catch and handle errors, ensuring the program continues to run smoothly. In this tutorial, we will learn how to use exception handling in C++ using a simple program. The provided program demonstrates how to handle the case of division by zero, which is a common runtime error….

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What Are Access Modifiers? In C++, access modifiers are keywords used to define the level of access that members of a class (variables and methods) can have. They are essential for ensuring encapsulation, which is a core concept of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP). By using access modifiers, we control how the internal data of a class is accessed, modified, and protected. Access modifiers in C++ include: By controlling access, access modifiers help: Types of Access Modifiers Code Example class number {…

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In C++, a destructor is a special member function of a class that is automatically called when an object goes out of scope or is explicitly deleted. The main purpose of a destructor is to release resources allocated to an object during its lifetime. Key Characteristics of a Destructor Purpose of a Destructor Class Student Example class Student { private: string rollnum; // Private member: Roll number of the student. public: string name; // Public member: Name of the student….

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Introduction to Abstract Classes An abstract class in C++ is a class designed to be specifically used as a base class. It cannot be instantiated on its own and typically includes at least one pure virtual function. A pure virtual function is a function declared within a class that has no implementation relative to the base class and must be implemented by all derived classes. Abstract classes are crucial in object-oriented programming to enforce a contract for derived classes. Key…

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