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Author: Afzal Badshah, PhD

Comprehensive Tutorial on UML Diagrams in Software Engineering

Comprehensive Tutorial on UML Diagrams in Software Engineering

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Unified Modeling Language (UML) serves as a standardized visual representation for modeling the structure and behaviour of software systems. It offers a common language for communication among software engineers, designers, and stakeholders, facilitating a shared understanding of complex system designs. In this tutorial, we will explore the major types of UML diagrams and their specific applications in software engineering. UML – Building Blocks  The building blocks of UML can be defined as − Things Things are the most important building blocks…

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Introduction to Routing in Computer Networks

Introduction to Routing in Computer Networks

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Routing is an important function in computer networking that involves directing data packets from one device to another across a network. It ensures that information reaches its destination efficiently and accurately. Routers are the key devices responsible for making routing decisions in a network. A detailed tutorial can be found here. Routing is divided into two categories. Understanding Static Routing Static routing is a routing method where network administrators manually configure the routing table on a router. In this approach,…

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cables connected to ethernet ports
Lab Activity: Switch | VLAN Configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer

Lab Activity: Switch | VLAN Configuration in Cisco Packet Tracer

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The objective of this lab activity is to familiarize students with the basic configuration of a Cisco switch using Cisco Packet Tracer. Students will learn essential switch configuration commands and understand how to set up and manage switch interfaces. Additionally, they will learn how to configure VLANs on packet tracers. Learn more about physical and virtual LANs. Equipment and Software Requirements Topology Setup Basic Switch Configuration Access the Cisco switch CLI or use the graphical interface in Packet Tracer. Configure…

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Dialup Model, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) & Cable Modem

Dialup Model, DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) & Cable Modem

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Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a broadband technology that revolutionized internet access by using traditional telephone lines, offering high-speed connectivity and an “always-on” connection. In contrast, cable modems leverage cable television infrastructure, providing swift bidirectional communication for high-bandwidth internet access, making them popular in urban and suburban areas despite occasional network congestion challenges. Let’s look in detail at these technologies; You can visit the detailed tutorial here. Dial-up Modem A dial-up modem is a device that enables internet access through…

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Circuit Switching and Packet Switching in Computer Networks

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching in Computer Networks

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Circuit switching and packet switching represent two distinct paradigms in data communication. Circuit switching creates a dedicated communication path for the entire duration of a conversation, ensuring a continuous link between devices. In contrast, packet switching involves breaking data into independent packets, allowing for flexible routing and efficient resource utilization across the network. You can also visit detailed tutorial on Data Communication and Computer Networks here. What is Circuit Switching? Circuit switching is a communication method where a dedicated communication…

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Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer – Basics and Installation

Introduction to Cisco Packet Tracer – Basics and Installation

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Welcome to this tutorial on Cisco Packet Tracer, a powerful simulation tool used for network and system modelling. Whether you’re a networking enthusiast, student, or IT professional, understanding the basics of Cisco Packet Tracer is essential for simulating and practising networking scenarios. This tutorial will guide you through the fundamentals of the Cisco Packet Tracer and walk you through the installation process. What is Cisco Packet Tracer? Cisco Packet Tracer is a network simulation tool developed by Cisco Systems. It…

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CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)

CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking)

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In the domain of networking, two pivotal concepts revolutionized the way we allocate and manage IP addresses: CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) and VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Masking). CIDR emerged as a response to the limitations of traditional IP addressing, introducing a more flexible and efficient approach to representing IP address ranges. On the other hand, VLSM, a crucial extension of CIDR, empowers network administrators with the ability to optimize subnetting by allowing variable-length subnet masks. Together, CIDR and VLSM have…

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Understanding the Basics of Software Design

Understanding the Basics of Software Design

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Software design is a crucial step in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC) that bridges the gap between user requirements and actual software implementation. This process involves transforming user needs, as documented in the Software Requirement Specification (SRS), into specific and detailed software requirements. By doing so, it provides a blueprint for programmers to follow during coding and implementation. Essentially, software design shifts the focus from the problem domain to the solution domain, outlining how the requirements outlined in the…

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Understanding the Domain Name System (DNS)

Understanding the Domain Name System (DNS)

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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a critical part of the internet that helps translate human-readable domain names, like www.afzalbadshah.com, into machine-readable IP addresses, such as 192.0.2.1. This tutorial will provide you with a comprehensive understanding of DNS, its structure, and how it works. DNS, the Domain Name System, is a decentralized naming system that connects domain names with IP addresses. It serves as the internet’s “phonebook,” making it easier for users to access websites and online resources by using…

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Routing on Internet

Routing on Internet

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A router is a network device that plays a crucial role in computer networking by connecting different networks together and directing the flow of data between them. It operates at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model and is responsible for routing data packets from their source to their destination. Routers are fundamental components in the functioning of the internet and in local area networks (LANs). Router is a Layer 3 (OSI model) device, primarly responsible for routing…

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