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Author: Afzal Badshah, PhD

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

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Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

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Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you’re designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database. In both cases, you deal with real-world entities like cars and students. Each of these has data (like name, color, roll number) and behavior (like start the car, register a course). To represent such entities in programming, we use two powerful tools: Let’s break this down step by step. What is a Class? A class is a template or blueprint…

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Understanding Constructors in C++

Understanding Constructors in C++

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Constructors are special member functions of a class that run automatically when an object is created. Their job is to initialize (set up) the object’s internal state so it starts life in a valid, predictable configuration. In C++, constructors can be non-parameterized (default) or parameterized, and you can overload them (define multiple constructors with different parameter lists). A constructor in C++ is a special member function that has the same name as its class, has no return type (not even…

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Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

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Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management App: students can view their class (through a getter), but only the administration system can update it (using a setter). This story highlights how encapsulation mirrors real-world roles. Encapsulation ensures data safety and modular design. Imagine using a car or a smartphone: you interact with simple controls on the surface, while the complicated wiring and mechanisms are hidden inside. This…

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A Comprehensive Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

A Comprehensive Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of creating machines or systems that can perform tasks that normally require human-like intelligence. AI research and applications revolve around four central abilities: perception, reasoning, learning, and acting. Together, these capabilities allow intelligent systems to sense their surroundings, process information, adapt through experience, and interact with the world effectively. Perception Perception refers to the ability of an intelligent system to sense and interpret data from the environment. Just as humans use their eyes, ears,…

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Inheritance in Java for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in Java for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the core ideas in object-oriented programming. It allows one class to use the properties and behavior of another class. In simple terms, inheritance helps us create a new class based on an existing class. The existing class is called the base class or parent class, and the new class is called the derived class or child class. What is the purpose of inheritance? Suppose we are building a system for a school. We create a class…

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Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the core ideas in object-oriented programming. It allows one class to use the properties and behavior of another class. In simple terms, inheritance helps us create a new class based on an existing class. The existing class is called the base class or parent class, and the new class is called the derived class or child class. Visit the detailed tutorial here.  What is the purpose of inheritance? Suppose we are building a system for a…

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Classes and Objects in Java: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

Classes and Objects in Java: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

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Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you’re designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database. In both cases, you deal with real-world entities like cars and students. Each of these has data (like name, color, roll number) and behavior (like start the car, register a course). You can visit the detailed tutorial here. To represent such entities in programming, we use two powerful tools: Let’s break this down step by step. What is a Class?…

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Merge PDF and Images into a Single File — Free, Unlimited, and Easy to Use

Merge PDF and Images into a Single File — Free, Unlimited, and Easy to Use

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Are you tired of using online PDF mergers that impose strict limitations, watermark your files, or charge a subscription fee? Look no further. Introducing the powerful and completely free PDF & Image Merger — a desktop application designed to let you merge multiple PDF documents and image files (JPG, PNG) into a single PDF effortlessly. No internet required. No hidden charges. No file size or file count restrictions. What Is This Tool? The PDF/Image Merger is a lightweight desktop application…

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Why Bloom’s Taxonomy Alone Is Not Enough: A Teacher’s Perspective

Why Bloom’s Taxonomy Alone Is Not Enough: A Teacher’s Perspective

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I have been teaching for sixteen years. For the last eight years, I have tried to align my lesson plans, classroom activities, and assessments with Bloom’s Taxonomy. I believed that planning teaching in steps (according to the Bloom’s) would help my students reach higher-order thinking skills. However, despite my efforts, I did not see the success I hoped for. Many students remained at the lower levels: just recalling facts or showing basic understanding, without moving on to analysis, evaluation, or…

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