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Author: Afzal Badshah, PhD

Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples

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Polymorphism is one of the four core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. The term polymorphism is derived from two Greek words; poly (many) and morph (forms). In programming, it means one name, many forms. In simple words, polymorphism allows a single function, operator, or object to behave differently based on the context. This makes our code flexible, reusable, and easy to extend. Understanding Polymorphism Think about the word “drive”.A car drives, a bike drives,…

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Constants in OOP – C++

Constants in OOP – C++

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In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: These values remain fixed regardless of circumstances. Similarly, in C++, if we want to create a variable whose value should not be altered during the program execution, we declare it as constant using the const keyword. The detailed tutorial can be visited here. A constant in C++ is a variable whose value cannot be modified after initialization. Why Do We Need Constants? Constants are essential because they…

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Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

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Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions. This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things…

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Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner’s Guide with Real-Life Examples

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Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you’re designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database. In both cases, you deal with real-world entities like cars and students. Each of these has data (like name, color, roll number) and behavior (like start the car, register a course). To represent such entities in programming, we use two powerful tools: Let’s break this down step by step. What is a Class? A class is a template or blueprint…

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Static Data Members and Functions in C++

Static Data Members and Functions in C++

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In daily life, some things are shared by everyone rather than belonging to just one person. For example, in a classroom the notice board is the same for all students. If one student puts a notice, every student can see it. Similarly, in a society, the water tank is shared by all houses. In C++, such shared values or functions are handled using the static keyword. A static member in C++ belongs to the class itself rather than to individual…

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Constructors and Destructors in C++

Constructors and Destructors in C++

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C++ gives every object a clear life story: it’s created, used, and then destroyed. To make this safe and predictable, the language runs a special function at birth (to initialize the object) and another at death (to clean up resources). Constructors in C++ Constructors exist to prevent uninitialized state, to let callers pass meaningful values at creation time, and to centralize setup logic in one place. In practice, you’ll use two common kinds; You may define multiple constructors for the…

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Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide

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Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management App: students can view their class (through a getter), but only the administration system can update it (using a setter). This story highlights how encapsulation mirrors real-world roles. Encapsulation ensures data safety and modular design. Imagine using a car or a smartphone: you interact with simple controls on the surface, while the complicated wiring and mechanisms are hidden inside. This…

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A Comprehensive Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

A Comprehensive Introduction to Artificial Intelligence

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the science of creating machines or systems that can perform tasks that normally require human-like intelligence. AI research and applications revolve around four central abilities: perception, reasoning, learning, and acting. Together, these capabilities allow intelligent systems to sense their surroundings, process information, adapt through experience, and interact with the world effectively. Why AI Artificial Intelligence is needed when the traditional logic of programming becomes too complex or limited to handle real-world situations. In conventional programming, we…

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Inheritance in Java for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in Java for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the core ideas in object-oriented programming. It allows one class to use the properties and behavior of another class. In simple terms, inheritance helps us create a new class based on an existing class. The existing class is called the base class or parent class, and the new class is called the derived class or child class. What is the purpose of inheritance? Suppose we are building a system for a school. We create a class…

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Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation

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Inheritance is one of the four main pillars of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with Encapsulation, Abstraction, and Polymorphism. Definition:“Inheritance is the process by which one class acquires the properties (data) and behaviors (functions) of another class.” In simple words, it means we can create a new class (child or derived class) based on an existing class (parent or base class) so that the new one can reuse and extend the existing functionality. 2. Why Do We Use Inheritance? Let’s take…

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