Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we deal with is an object, such as a car, a book, or a student. Each of these objects has certain features and can perform specific actions. In OOP, we try to represent these features as attributes and the actions as functions.
This programming style helps us organize our code in a way that is closer to how we understand things in real life. It makes large programs easier to design, manage, and extend.
Data and functions are bundled together in objects
Reusability
Limited
High (through inheritance and modularity)
Security
Less secure (data is exposed)
More secure (data hidden using encapsulation)
Real-world Modeling
Difficult to model real-world scenarios
Easier to model real-world entities and interactions
Examples
C, Pascal
Java, C++, Python (with OOP), C#
Function Reuse
Uses functions repeatedly
Uses objects and methods repeatedly
Code Maintenance
Harder to manage and scale in large programs
Easier to manage due to modular structure
Main Focus
Focuses on functions (actions)
Focuses on objects (entities)
What is OOP?
Object-oriented programming is a programming model that allows developers to organize and build programs around real-world concepts. In this model, we define objects that contain both data (attributes) and actions (functions or methods).
The main concepts of OOP are:
Classes
Objects
Attributes
Functions
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Each of these will be explained step-by-step below.
Why Use Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)?
Reusability: Through inheritance, new classes can be created based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods. This means you can reuse code from previously developed classes, saving time and effort.
Modularity: OOP breaks down complex problems into smaller, manageable objects. Each object encapsulates its data and behavior, making it easier to understand, modify, and test independently.
Maintainability: Encapsulation helps isolate changes, reducing unintended side effects and making updates safer over time.
Flexibility: Polymorphism allows objects of different classes to be treated uniformly if they share the required interface, increasing adaptability.
Key Concepts in Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
Class
Class is the template, design or blueprint for creating real-world objects. It defines what attributes and functions an object will have, but it doesn’t store real data itself.
Representation of class in OOP
For example, a Student class can define:
Attributes like name, rollNo, and department
Functions like giveExam() and submitAssignment()
You can then create many student objects from this one class.
Object
An object is a real instance of a class. It is created using the blueprint defined by the class and stores actual data.
Class and its objects in OOP
For example, once you define a Student class, you can create:
// C++ example
#include <string>
class Student {
public:
std::string name;
void giveExam() {
// ...
}
};
int main() {
Student s1;
s1.name = "Ali";
s1.giveExam();
return 0;
}
Here, s1 is an object of class Student. Each object can have different values for the same attributes, like different names or roll numbers.
Attributes
Attributes are the properties or characteristics of an object (also called data members). They describe what an object has.
Object attributes in OOP
Attributes are written inside a class and accessed through objects.
For example:
// C++ example
#include <string>
class Book {
public:
std::string title;
std::string author;
int pages;
};
Here, title, author, and pages are attributes. Each book object will have its own values for these.
Functions
Functions (methods) define the actions an object can perform. They are written inside the class and called using the object.
Function of the object in OOP
For example:
// C++ example
#include <iostream>
class Book {
public:
void read() {
std::cout << "Reading the book..." << '\n';
}
void bookmarkPage() {
std::cout << "Page bookmarked." << '\n';
}
};
When we create a Book object, it can call these functions to perform tasks.
Encapsulation
Encapsulation means protecting the internal data of an object by keeping attributes private and accessing them only through special functions (getters and setters).
Encapsulation in OOP
This improves security and keeps the data safe from direct changes.
Example:
// C++ example
class Student {
private:
int marks;
public:
int getMarks() const {
return marks;
}
void setMarks(int m) {
marks = m;
}
};
Here, marks is private, so it cannot be accessed directly.
Inheritance
Inheritance means creating a new class based on an existing class. The new class (child) can use everything from the old class (parent) and also add its own features.
Inheritance in OOP
Example:
// C++ example
#include <iostream>
class Vehicle {
public:
void start() {
std::cout << "Starting..." << '\n';
}
};
class Car : public Vehicle {
public:
void playMusic() {
std::cout << "Playing music..." << '\n';
}
};
Car is using start() from Vehicle and also has its own function playMusic().
Polymorphism
Polymorphism means one function behaves differently for different classes. It allows the same function name to do different jobs based on the object.
Polymorphism in OOP
Example:
// C++ example
#include <iostream>
class Animal {
public:
virtual void speak() {
std::cout << "Animal speaks" << '\n';
}
virtual ~Animal() = default;
};
class Dog : public Animal {
public:
void speak() override {
std::cout << "Dog barks" << '\n';
}
};
When we call speak(), the result depends on whether the object is an Animal or Dog.
Task
Take a Book as an example. Now apply OOP concepts:
Object: A specific book like book1
Attributes:title, author, price
Functions:read(), bookmarkPage()
Encapsulation: Keep price private, use methods to get/set it
Inheritance: Make EBook a child class of Book
Polymorphism: Override read() in EBook and PrintedBook
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