{"id":5235,"date":"2025-01-09T20:28:45","date_gmt":"2025-01-09T15:28:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/?page_id=5235"},"modified":"2026-02-17T17:46:09","modified_gmt":"2026-02-17T12:46:09","slug":"object-oriented-programming-in-c-a-comprehensive-tutorial","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/object-oriented-programming-in-c-a-comprehensive-tutorial\/","title":{"rendered":"Object-Oriented Programming in C++: A Comprehensive Tutorial"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This tutorial covers the essential Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts practised during the semester, such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, with practical examples in <strong>C++<\/strong>. <a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/drive\/folders\/1DPiJzPdiKTFgB_xJ2I28Q_94l-hbE8A5?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" title=\"\">The study plan and books can be accessed here. <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"pt-cv-wrapper\"><div class=\"pt-cv-view pt-cv-grid pt-cv-colsys\" id=\"pt-cv-view-23e3658j7c\"><div data-id=\"pt-cv-page-1\" class=\"pt-cv-page\" data-cvc=\"2\"><div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/01\/introduction-to-object-oriented-programming-oop-2\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP-2.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/01\/introduction-to-object-oriented-programming-oop-2\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), is a way of writing programs by focusing on real-life objects. In the real world, everything we ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/01\/introduction-to-object-oriented-programming-oop-2\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/08\/classes-and-objects-in-c-beginners-guide-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/OOP.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/08\/classes-and-objects-in-c-beginners-guide-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Classes and Objects in C++: Beginner\u2019s Guide with Real-Life Examples<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Programming is about solving real-life problems. Imagine you're designing a software to manage a car showroom, or a student database ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/08\/classes-and-objects-in-c-beginners-guide-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/15\/understanding-parameterized-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0025-1.webp?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/15\/understanding-parameterized-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Understanding Parameterized Functions in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Introduction to Parameterized Functions: A parameterized function in C++ is a function that accepts one or more arguments, which are ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/15\/understanding-parameterized-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/encapsulation-in-c-a-beginner-guide\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/encapsulation-in-c-a-beginner-guide\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Encapsulation in C++: A Beginner Guide<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Encapsulation in object-oriented programming is a core principle. It helps keep data safe and programs modular. Imagine a School Management ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/encapsulation-in-c-a-beginner-guide\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/constructors-in-c-object-oriented-programming\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/constructors-in-c-object-oriented-programming\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Constructors in C++ (Object-Oriented Programming)<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">When we create an object in C++, we expect it to start in a valid and usable state. In real ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/22\/constructors-in-c-object-oriented-programming\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-destructors-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/DESTRUCTOR-IN-C.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-destructors-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Understanding Destructors In C++ (OOP)<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In object-oriented programming, every object has a life cycle. It is created, it performs certain tasks, and eventually it is ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-destructors-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-access-modifiers-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/Access-modifiers.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-access-modifiers-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Understanding Access Modifiers in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">What Are Access Modifiers? In C++, access modifiers are keywords used to define the level of access that members of ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-access-modifiers-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-constructors-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/CONSTRUCTOR.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-constructors-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Constructors and Destructors in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">C++ gives every object a clear life story: it\u2019s created, used, and then destroyed. To make this safe and predictable, ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/01\/29\/understanding-constructors-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/05\/understanding-const-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/const-data-member-in-c.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/05\/understanding-const-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Const Data Members and Functions in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In object-oriented programming, we design classes as blueprints for creating objects. A class itself does not store data; it only ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/05\/understanding-const-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/12\/understanding-static-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/IMG-20241205-WA0027.webp?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/12\/understanding-static-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Static Data Members and Functions in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In daily life, some things are shared by everyone rather than belonging to just one person. For example, in a ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/12\/understanding-static-data-members-and-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/understanding-function-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Static-Data-Members-and-Functions-C.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/understanding-function-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Understanding Function Overloading in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Introduction: Function overloading is a powerful feature in C++ that allows multiple functions with the same name to exist in ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/understanding-function-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/operator-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Operator-Overloading-in-C.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/operator-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Operator Overloading in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In C++, operator overloading allows you to define custom behavior for operators (such as +, -, *, ==, etc.) when ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/19\/operator-overloading-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/26\/associations-aggregation-composition-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/26\/associations-aggregation-composition-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Associations, Aggregation &#038; Composition in OOP (C++)<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Object-Oriented Programming is not only about creating classes and objects, it is also about how objects interact with each other ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/02\/26\/associations-aggregation-composition-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/05\/inheritance-in-c-for-beginners-complete-guide-with-examples-and-real-life-explanation\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/07\/Copy-of-OOP-1.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/05\/inheritance-in-c-for-beginners-complete-guide-with-examples-and-real-life-explanation\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Inheritance in C++ for Beginners: Complete Guide with Examples and Real-Life Explanation<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In the real world, many objects share common characteristics but also have their own specialized features. For example, in a ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/05\/inheritance-in-c-for-beginners-complete-guide-with-examples-and-real-life-explanation\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/polymorphism-in-c-oop-tutorial-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/10\/Copy-of-Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/polymorphism-in-c-oop-tutorial-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Polymorphism in C++ | OOP Tutorial with Real-Life Examples<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Polymorphism is one of the four core concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), along with encapsulation, inheritance, and abstraction. The term ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/polymorphism-in-c-oop-tutorial-with-real-life-examples\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/virtual-and-pure-virtual-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-3.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/virtual-and-pure-virtual-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Virtual and Pure Virtual Functions in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In our previous lessons, we explored how inheritance allows one class to reuse and extend the features of another. We ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/19\/virtual-and-pure-virtual-functions-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-class-pure-abstract-class-and-interface-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Abstract-classes-in-OOP-C.png?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-class-pure-abstract-class-and-interface-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Abstract Class, Pure Abstract Class, and Interface in C++ (OOP)<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Introduction to Abstract Classes An abstract class in C++ is a class designed to be specifically used as a base ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-class-pure-abstract-class-and-interface-in-c-oop\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-classes-and-interfaces-designing-extensible-frameworks\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-4.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-classes-and-interfaces-designing-extensible-frameworks\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Abstract Classes and Interfaces \u2014 Designing Extensible Frameworks<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In our previous lecture, we explored virtual and pure virtual functions.We saw how a virtual function allows different derived classes ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/03\/26\/abstract-classes-and-interfaces-designing-extensible-frameworks\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/02\/c-templates-and-standard-template-library-stl-a-complete-beginner-friendly-tutorial\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-6.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/02\/c-templates-and-standard-template-library-stl-a-complete-beginner-friendly-tutorial\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >C++ Templates and Standard Template Library (STL): A Complete Beginner-Friendly Tutorial<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Imagine running a grocery shop. You use different delivery boxes for apples, oranges, and eggs etc. But using a separate ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/02\/c-templates-and-standard-template-library-stl-a-complete-beginner-friendly-tutorial\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/16\/introduction-to-errors-and-exceptions-handling-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/12\/OOP-2.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/16\/introduction-to-errors-and-exceptions-handling-in-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Introduction to Errors and Exceptions Handling in C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Software systems do not always behave perfectly during execution. A banking application may lose connection to the server, a file ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/04\/16\/introduction-to-errors-and-exceptions-handling-in-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/29\/constants-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Access-Modifers-in-OOP-Java.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/29\/constants-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Constants in OOP &#8211; C++<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">In our daily life, there are some values that never change. For example: The number of days in a week ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/09\/29\/constants-in-oop-c\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-sm-12 col-xs-12 pt-cv-content-item pt-cv-1-col\" ><div class='pt-cv-ifield'><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/17\/operator-overloading-in-c-teaching-objects-to-behave-like-natural-data-types\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-href-thumbnail pt-cv-thumb-default\" target=\"_self\" ><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"169\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?fit=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"pt-cv-thumbnail\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?w=1920&amp;ssl=1 1920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?resize=300%2C169&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?resize=1024%2C576&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?resize=768%2C432&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?resize=1536%2C864&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?resize=480%2C270&amp;ssl=1 480w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/afzalbadshah.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/OOP-5.jpg?w=1280&amp;ssl=1 1280w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a>\n<h4 class=\"pt-cv-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/17\/operator-overloading-in-c-teaching-objects-to-behave-like-natural-data-types\/\" class=\"_self\" target=\"_self\" >Operator Overloading in C++: Teaching Objects to Behave Like Natural Data Types<\/a><\/h4>\n<div class=\"pt-cv-content\">Operator overloading is a simple yet powerful concept in C++. Imagine how naturally we use operators in daily life. We ...<br \/><div class=\"pt-cv-rmwrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/afzalbadshah.com\/index.php\/2025\/11\/17\/operator-overloading-in-c-teaching-objects-to-behave-like-natural-data-types\/\" class=\"_self pt-cv-readmore btn btn-success\" target=\"_self\">Read More<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This tutorial covers the essential Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) concepts practised during the semester, such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, with practical examples in C++. 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